Islamic Civilization

 

Islamic Civilization

Author Ayesha Irshad Malik

Islamic Civilization

Islam is an Arabic word meaning “Submission” and in the religious context means “Submission to the will of God”. Islam is derived from the Arabic word “sal’m” which exactly means peace. In simple word we can say Islam is the religion of peace and tolerance.  Civilization of Islam started from the Mecca Saudi Arabia in the time of Holy prophet Muhammad’s life. Holy prophet Muhammad was born around 570, AD in Mecca, he was very religious, honest and pious from his childhood. One day when he was engaged in worship of Allah on the Jabal al-Nour angle Gabriel appeared and relayed the word of Allah “Recite in the name of your Lord who creates, creates man from a clot! Recite for your Lord is most generous”. These words became the initial verses of surah of the Quran and he got the revelation of Prophet Hood in 610 AD. He became the messenger of Allah and he started preaching of Islam from Mecca and Medina. Most of people of Mecca either ignored him or teased him, but with the passage of time people gradually started to follow him. Holy prophet Muhammad faced many problems when he started preaching of Islam, he and his followers were ultimately forced to migrate from Mecca to Medina, this event symbols the start of the Muslim calendar. Muslims Followers and community was slowly increasing and more people were accepting Islam. Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) died in 632 AD at the age of 62. By the 8^th century the Rashidun Caliphate was the first of the four main caliphates established and it was ruled by first four succeeding Caliphs of Islam after the death of Muhammad (S.A.W). Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) became the First Caliph of Islam he ruled from 632 to 634, Hazrat Umer was the second Calipha, and he ruled from 634 AD to 644 after him ‘Uthman, Hazrat Ali and Hazrat Hassan ruled in Caliphate Rashidun. Islam spread through Military conquest, trade, pilgrimage, and missionaries. In 644 AD Hazrat Umer leaves as the second Calipha, and the Muslims defeat Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Mesopotamia and Persia. After the death of   Hazrat Umer Caliph ‘Uthman took charge a number of Umayyad family that had rejected Hazrat Muhammad’s prophesies.

 In Year of 655 AD the battle took place off the coast of Lycia and Muslims forces ruled by ‘Uthman Bin Affan defeat Byzantine forces under Emperor Constant II. It was one of the greatest victories in whole Islamic history. In 669 AD, the Muslims conquest reached to Morocco in North Africa and Islam started spreading gradually in this region as well.

 Year of 672 was the time when Muslim under Mauwiya, captured the Island of Rhodes.

It was the start of ‘Seven year’ Arab siege of Constantinople. In year 677, Muslims led a great navy against Constantinople in aim to break the city, but the defeated so badly through the Byzantine used to Greek fire. 711 was the year when Islam rulers’ conquest Egypt, Spain, and North Africa and Afghanistan, included all of the Persian Empire and most of the old Roman world under Islamic rulers. On 19 July 711 Muslim ruler Tariq bin Ziyad killed the King of Spain King Rodrigo, Tariq bin Ziyad killed reached at Gibraltar with 7000 Muslims because he got the invitation of hires of late Visigoth King Witica, who wanted to get freedom  King Rodrigo. Muslim governor of North Africa Musa ibn Nusayr followed the Muslim ruler Tariq bin Ziyad and in 712 he led the army of 18000 Muslims for the conquest of Andalusia. In 617 Muslima attacked on Lisbon and took charge of Lisbon.   In 849 AD Aghlabid monarch Muhammad sanded navy ships from Sardinia to attack Rome. As the navy was prepared to land troops, the mixture of a large storm and alliance of Christian forces were able to destroy the Muslims ships. Muslims controlled all the passes in the Alps between France and Italy, cutting off passage between two countries in 911 AD. On 23 October 1086, Spanish forces were defeated by the Muslims Rulers Moors and their Allies, the Almorivids.  From the year of 1188 to 1192 it was the time of great Islamic victories Muslim warrior Saladin Ayyubi crushed the Crusaders armies at Hattin and defeated them. During the year of 1245 to 1247 Mongol chief Hulegu sacks Baghdad, massacring the papulation and killed the last Abbasid Caliph.

 The Mongol Army after conquered first Aleppo and then Damascus was defeated at the battle in Palestine.